FAA has great weather information which is required to learn and understand to become a certificated pilot. The FAA Pilots’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge” Chapters 11 and 12 covers this quite well. We offer this as a printed book and a download PDF at AP-Stores
Here are some of the figures/graphics from the book Chapter 11 “Weather Theory” to give you an idea.
The FAA does have additional publications “Aviation Weather” and “Aviation Weather Serices” which are more in depth to the above Chapters 11 and 12 in the “Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge” referenced above.